Tinjauan Literatur: Mekanisme Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix DC.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52622/jisk.v6i1.04Keywords:
Citrus hystrix, senyawa bioaktif, aktivitas antibakteri, resistensi antibiotik, tinjauan literaturAbstract
Latar Belakang: Infeksi bakteri patogen masih menjadi salah satu tantangan utama dalam dunia kesehatan, apalagi dengan meningkatnya kasus resistensi antibiotik yang membuat pengobatan infeksi semakin sulit. Kondisi ini mendorong para peneliti untuk mencari alternatif lain yang lebih aman, mudah diakses, dan tetap efektif. Salah satu sumber yang kini banyak dilirik adalah tanaman obat, termasuk kulit jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix DC.), yang secara tradisional dikenal memiliki banyak manfaat kesehatan. Tujuan: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau berbagai literatur terkait potensi antibakteri dari ekstrak kulit jeruk purut, termasuk senyawa aktif yang dikandungnya, cara kerjanya terhadap bakteri, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitasnya. Metode: Proses tinjauan dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan berbagai publikasi ilmiah yang diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 2010 hingga 2024, menggunakan database seperti Google Scholar, PubMed, dan ScienceDirect. Literatur dipilih berdasarkan relevansi dengan topik, kualitas publikasi, serta ketersediaan informasi terkait senyawa aktif, aktivitas antibakteri, dan mekanisme kerjanya. Fokus pencarian difokuskan pada kata kunci seperti Citrus hystrix, antibacterial mechanism, phytochemicals, dan natural antimicrobial agents. Hasil: Berbagai sumber yang ditinjau, ditemukan bahwa kulit jeruk purut kaya akan senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid (naringin, hesperidin, narirutin), minyak atsiri (limonene, citronellal, dan β-pinene), tanin, dan saponin. Senyawa-senyawa ini menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap berbagai jenis bakteri Gram-positif dan Gram-negatif. Cara kerjanya antara lain dengan merusak dinding dan membran sel bakteri, mengganggu sintesis protein dan DNA, serta menghambat kerja enzim yang penting bagi kelangsungan hidup sel bakteri. Aktivitas antibakteri ini juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh metode ekstraksi, jenis pelarut, dan konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan. Kesimpulan: Tinjauan ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit jeruk purut punya potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai agen antibakteri alami. Selain relatif aman dan mudah diperoleh, ekstrak ini juga menunjukkan mekanisme kerja yang beragam sehingga berpeluang untuk melawan bakteri yang sudah kebal terhadap antibiotik tertentu. Namun, diperlukan penelitian lanjutan yang lebih mendalam, terutama untuk memastikan konsistensi senyawa aktifnya, uji keamanan, dan efektivitasnya dalam skala klinis. Dengan pendekatan ilmiah yang tepat, kulit jeruk purut bisa menjadi salah satu solusi alami untuk menghadapi krisis resistensi antibiotik yang sedang kita hadapi saat ini.
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